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1 Introduction
/ r0 z' O3 W8 B6 ^1 U1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 16 N2 _' z$ `; g9 ]
1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1
: S2 |! r9 K9 _$ P: b$ w* f5 b1 u1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 2
- C& P9 `% k* d' c* q2 t1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 2/ d/ w: j$ r% E" W
1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 3
# o; [8 Q, B( k) l: \; I7 k" f2 Programmable Logic Devices
% G! j- A# |( D7 T% t2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 4
1 I/ O: m5 i, f2 g# c, J% Z2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 6
. l a* y: \5 [$ l5 x3 H; \2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 9
& X- Z( q, C! a( R2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 95 M. Y: ?" { S- ?
2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................11+ |2 ?* g8 ]* G
2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11
! }5 S5 X S0 t- K7 i+ q, `: n X* a2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................12% z, z1 e p& l! b1 p4 }$ J* ~
3 Adaptive Filter Overview$ `) a7 N/ j9 V4 Y0 J
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13
( n! m8 {% u% n- m; R3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14
: M9 `, R" s* ~; ~# p3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 15
) v) \& d- X j; @/ A3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 166 Y, B- g3 j0 h! w9 y5 Q7 E
3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 17
' J) |# P# T5 B e3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
% R. S( n" n a! k* k& e" C% N3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20" n7 z5 b: C* ^; W
3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21
5 n) @/ K, }# `+ S6 n1 U6 t: e* ~4 FPGA Implementation
6 Z7 e: J- v: m3 L4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 238 G( b' C7 k4 \* x' c
4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 24( s0 }& N( m+ x$ r3 Z
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4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24
) u8 ~5 q: M5 `4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 275 A5 d. K7 m9 P. y
4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 317 h" r. s. j) G
4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 315 u3 K. ?0 i! Z. |! L+ [
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 34
* X' z# R7 Q# U- Q7 H4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 34
; | W* i2 d, F* ^# d" \4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37
# f. ~: p( D7 B- Z4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 373 p8 r0 l m. x5 X7 d
4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38
- W: T' }4 w1 u- j9 o0 ?! I( b6 W4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 383 W/ @1 [, b! C3 J5 W
4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 39
! Z1 p1 [+ p- i l# C: i4 q: [4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 41
: |* C6 K5 j% V {8 ~ ?* l5 Results
: P( s" B+ b) q1 J& b5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 42. \ J* T$ M$ Y0 y/ V& |5 G
5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44% A6 |8 s# s2 ]' U
5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 44
0 E6 g+ a' y, n; v7 D5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46
# L, ^7 I) i# `3 x( N. U# a5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 480 `9 ?( l- ~3 \% Y+ s( G7 ?. V, J
5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 49
: L! p( i3 f3 \8 {9 W/ Q: x2 R( \5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 50$ A+ \; M/ I/ H
6 Conclusions
& v! }( s% Y& v; v+ G+ K6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 52
; R! i, E3 G7 w7 c( U- Q6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 53
' o7 C) U2 r; A' @) n7 m3 ~! ~Appendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 55
9 F9 N0 R1 ?! ?7 a1 [Appendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59
( B. G; S$ r2 y. aAppendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 75! `9 T& G- Z$ M0 P- S
Appendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80/ d d7 R; }8 p. [5 N" r" _
References ..................................................................................................................... 83 |3 e# q# D7 k5 i8 C+ i4 C
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 86
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