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1 Introduction
& R5 U' r; B$ ^) R2 e1.1 Purpose.................................................................................................................. 1
& P1 T8 W' c; l1.2 Overview............................................................................................................... 1* o0 r3 y- I- u) e
1.2.1 Advantages of DSP..................................................................................... 29 s8 b( y2 i, a$ v
1.2.2 Reconfigurable Hardware Advantages ................................................... 2
+ R1 \ j# B5 Q! E: x8 R1.3 Organization of Thesis ........................................................................................ 3( |2 M' y7 [6 ~% ^& j' z4 t
2 Programmable Logic Devices
3 o, T- n! U; R0 g1 I4 t2.1 History of Programmable Logic ......................................................................... 4. y" f! b: S g& D7 y
2.2 FPGA Architecture................................................................................................ 6" s) A& j; ?% M7 M* j0 u+ B
2.3 Device Configuration ........................................................................................... 9; ]# h+ k2 b6 C
2.3.1 Schematic Design Entry .............................................................................. 9
( E5 z- F! G+ ?& ]2.3.2 Hardware Description Languages ............................................................11; l. m5 X/ g. v" _6 X8 `5 o8 {
2.3.3 High‐Level Languages ................................................................................11* `4 _3 |- p9 M _
2.4 Current Trends ......................................................................................................12
3 \: [* X$ g/ ~: {. u D' @3 Adaptive Filter Overview# X. i( l" s5 W+ j" F! {' H% s
3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13+ J5 d1 y7 e# Q8 M! t+ ^$ g% V
3.2 Adaptive Filtering Problem................................................................................ 14
O7 E% Z" B5 z. {2 @" `3 N" G8 @3.3 Applications.......................................................................................................... 15/ I: g5 |$ M2 z4 W& _
3.4 Adaptive Algorithms........................................................................................... 16! h7 A3 C5 b- I# f
3.4.1 Wiener Filters............................................................................................... 17
5 B+ E5 h2 q! }0 n; r3.4.2 Method of Steepest Descent ...................................................................... 19
' i3 Z. Y5 I f# T* Z* k0 K+ w3.4.3 Least Mean Square Algorithm .................................................................. 20
$ u4 ~7 u, r. P6 C3 m& R+ `0 K3.4.4 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm ......................................................... 21
# p9 K* t, O) [& @$ P4 FPGA Implementation6 Q% ?! u1 K2 T6 \6 `& t9 Q
4.1 FPGA Realization Issues ..................................................................................... 236 [# `+ W! r+ r/ ]) J0 l) V6 w" M
4.2 Finite Precision Effects ........................................................................................ 24' O2 ~* {- B, s; g# v# r
v
l. o: \0 @# M- n7 {" B( `4.2.1 Scale Factor Adjustment............................................................................. 24
! ?7 U' Z T5 ? H) y4.2.2 Training Algorithm Modification............................................................. 27
: N" i0 W8 F* q+ p4.3 Loadable Coefficient Filter Taps........................................................................ 31
( F' V2 c2 x9 T4 F6 q* S4.3.1 Computed Partial Products Multiplication............................................. 31" A' d2 \/ e" \ {
4.3.2 Embedded Multipliers ............................................................................... 34
1 q) p. ?! `. Z/ S6 F4.3.3 Tap Implementation Results ..................................................................... 34/ y: v, f% @! u/ s' |- k- N: z
4.4 Embedded Microprocessor Utilization............................................................. 37. f7 h& ?4 Y+ l. D& o7 t+ `! e8 ], l- p
4.4.1 IBM PowerPC 405 ....................................................................................... 37, T4 E: e |/ c; I0 E1 M
4.4.2 Embedded Development Kit..................................................................... 38 J0 p9 \" \: ?% c5 n
4.4.3 Xilinx Processor Soft IP .............................................................................. 38' s' N& D7 B) q4 }& W; E
4.4.3.1 User IP Cores ................................................................................... 39
, p1 L: x+ ^: g, {9 ^, D- o4.4.4 Adaptive Filter IP Core .............................................................................. 41" t+ v$ E7 x$ {. N; I, y
5 Results
; [0 y% D4 \! W, Q) z" d0 L X5.1 Methods Used....................................................................................................... 42& j: W" c: q' `) D5 }
5.2 Algorithm Analyses............................................................................................. 44
' b1 a6 V. w, E/ W5.2.1 Full Precision Analysis............................................................................... 44
2 `! e# }+ i+ W8 h1 o* I4 z C& @5.2.2 Fixed‐Point Analysis................................................................................... 46
2 j; S K+ o7 O+ D5.3 Hardware Verification......................................................................................... 48
+ U% R0 D9 q2 D, K3 ?( O5.4 Power Consumption............................................................................................ 49
( C# h; h0 N" |8 v" M; e# W h5.5 Bandwidth Considerations................................................................................. 50
5 j) ^) e3 z9 c7 x/ R; X4 A4 L6 Conclusions/ E/ i7 e5 i1 ~$ @, J0 ^0 h4 ^3 ]" O
6.1 Conclusions........................................................................................................... 52" o( D, n: }& I; f5 ?
6.2 Future Work.......................................................................................................... 538 V; h" e6 Y. p2 }) O" z( z4 P* H
Appendix A Matlab Code........................................................................................... 55
& y4 W% y5 z {( KAppendix B VHDL Code............................................................................................ 59' a* L; B7 f0 d0 v5 {0 p
Appendix C C Code .................................................................................................... 751 q' o: `# ^0 R8 ~; E- {& M1 m. p
Appendix D Device Synthesis Results ................................................................... 80
1 [- c7 A1 z+ q. }References ..................................................................................................................... 834 j9 ]5 p. _' ]/ G* d4 B/ w9 M
Biographical Sketch .................................................................................................... 86
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